Semisumador, acarreo: A AND B
El bit de acarreo de un semisumador es A AND B, mostrado junto a su suma A XOR B. El ejemplo más simple posible: una fila verdadera, un mapa de una celda, 3 compuertas en cualquiera de las dos familias.
Sumar dos números de un bit desborda solo cuando los dos son 1, así que el acarreo es el AND de las entradas. El modelo lleva la suma como segunda salida para que la tabla muestre el semisumador completo: carry es verdadero en una sola fila, Σm(3), donde A = VERDADERO, B = VERDADERO, y sum es verdadero en las filas 1 y 2. La lectura del motor es una línea: carry es verdadero exactamente cuando A y B son ambos verdaderos.
Las comprobaciones son sencillas. La tautología se viola con el contraejemplo A = FALSO, B = FALSO; la satisfacibilidad se cumple con el testigo A = VERDADERO, B = VERDADERO, la única fila verdadera. El simplificador no encontró ninguna ley aplicable a un solo AND. Los conversores a FNC y FND devuelven A AND B sin cambios: dos cláusulas de un literal, o un término de dos literales. El mapa de Karnaugh dibuja un grupo en la celda 3, un implicante primo. La forma solo con NAND es NAND(NAND(A, B), NAND(A, B)), 3 compuertas, y la forma solo con NOR, NOR(NOR(A, A), NOR(B, B)), también 3.
Es el circuito más pequeño del sitio, pero es con el que se construye todo sumador: en una cadena con acarreo en cascada este acarreo alimenta la entrada de acarreo de la etapa siguiente, y la página del acarreo del sumador completo muestra lo que necesita esa etapa. En software, el AND de dos indicadores es una comprobación de permiso o una guarda de doble condición. Lo único que hay que vigilar es el emparejamiento con la suma: un acarreo sin la columna de la suma te dice que hubo desbordamiento pero no cuál es el bit bajo.
carry := A AND B · salidasum := A XOR B · salida
Comprobaciones exactas
Tabla de verdad (4 filas)
| # | A | B | carry | sum |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | FALSO | FALSO | FALSO | FALSO |
| 1 | FALSO | VERDADERO | FALSO | VERDADERO |
| 2 | VERDADERO | FALSO | FALSO | VERDADERO |
| 3 | VERDADERO | VERDADERO | VERDADERO | FALSO |
Lectura en lenguaje claro
Principiantecarry es verdadero exactamente cuando A y B son ambos verdaderos.
En todos los demás casos, carry es falso.
Sobre los operadores:
- AND (Y) solo es verdadero cuando todas sus partes son verdaderas.
Intermediocarry es verdadero exactamente cuando A y B son ambos verdaderos.
En todos los demás casos, carry es falso.
Avanzadocarry es verdadero exactamente cuando A y B son ambos verdaderos [conjunción ∧].
En todos los demás casos, carry es falso.
Notación formal: A ∧ B
Diagrama lógico
Simplificación paso a paso
El motor no encontró ninguna ley que acorte esta expresión; ya es tan corta como sus leyes de reescritura permiten.
A AND B
Mapa de Karnaugh
- celdas m3
A AND B
Mintérminos y maxtérminos
carry(A, B) = Σm(3)carry(A, B) = ΠM(0, 1, 2)Orden de variables: A, B · 4 filas
Formas normales
Forma normal conjuntiva (FNC)
A AND B2 cláusulas, 2 literales · complete
Forma normal disyuntiva (FND)
A AND B1 términos, 2 literales · complete
Solo NAND, solo NOR
Forma solo con NAND
NAND(NAND(A, B), NAND(A, B))3 compuertas · equivalencia verificada en todas las filas
Forma solo con NOR
NOR(NOR(A, A), NOR(B, B))3 compuertas · equivalencia verificada en todas las filas
La misma regla como código
Python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Generated by Tangibool (tangibool.python/1). Do not edit by hand; regenerate from the source revision.
# Model: not stated
# Source revision: reference
# Interpretation status: not stated
"""Tangibool evaluator (decision model).
Generated deterministically from the validated Boolean model; it evaluates exactly that
model. It does not establish that the model is a complete, legal, or safe statement of a
real-world rule, and evaluating examples does not verify the rule.
Source revision: reference
Interpretation status: not stated
Exporter: 1.0.0 (format tangibool.python/1; engine 1.0.0; semantics tangibool-semantics/1)
Logic digest: f45c450824581d6decd598a105e760dcc6e773b025f7047228328714a8afd78a
Assumptions digest: d58ee1ad38e23e5093e4baa1047b5ae70d6972e08f555e34ac3fa16df63c4a78
Inputs (dict keys, declared order) and generated parameter names:
'A' -> input_A
'B' -> input_B
Outputs (declared order) and their functions:
'carry' -> output_carry(inputs)
'sum' -> output_sum(inputs)
Assumptions (the declared scope, checked by in_scope(inputs)):
none; every complete assignment is in scope.
Input contract:
Every required input must be exactly True or False (type(value) is bool). Missing
inputs, None, strings, integers (including 0 and 1), and keys that are not declared
inputs raise InputError before anything is evaluated, including inputs that a
short-circuiting operator would never read. Results are always bool.
Scope:
Decision functions raise OutOfScopeError when the inputs violate an assumption; an
out-of-scope assignment is never turned into a False result. Pass check_scope=False
to evaluate without the scope check, and use in_scope(inputs) to test it separately.
Usage:
import tangibool_model as model
model.evaluate({'A': False, 'B': False})
# -> {'carry': False, 'sum': False}
model.output_carry({'A': False, 'B': False})
# -> False
model.evaluate({'A': 1, 'B': False})
# raises InputError: 1 is an int, not a bool
"""
import collections.abc as _abc
from typing import Dict, Mapping, Tuple
__all__ = [
"MODEL_INFO",
"IDENTIFIER_MAP",
"INPUT_NAMES",
"OUTPUT_NAMES",
"ASSUMPTIONS",
"InputError",
"OutOfScopeError",
"minterm_index",
"in_scope",
"evaluate",
"output_carry",
"output_sum",
]
MODEL_INFO = {
"format": "tangibool.python/1",
"mode": "decision",
"model": None,
"revision": "reference",
"interpretation": None,
"exporter": "1.0.0",
"engine_version": "1.0.0",
"semantics_version": "tangibool-semantics/1",
"logic_digest": "f45c450824581d6decd598a105e760dcc6e773b025f7047228328714a8afd78a",
"assumptions_digest": "d58ee1ad38e23e5093e4baa1047b5ae70d6972e08f555e34ac3fa16df63c4a78",
"primary_output": "carry",
"unused_inputs": (),
"subcircuits": (),
}
# Stable ID -> generated identifier (reversible mapping; names are exact, escaped strings).
IDENTIFIER_MAP = {
"v_4edbd11bc318": {"kind": "input", "name": "A", "identifier": "input_A"},
"v_17a137f5e828": {"kind": "input", "name": "B", "identifier": "input_B"},
"f_70d1fcae4401": {"kind": "output", "name": "carry", "identifier": "output_carry"},
"f_2ac459c55f4f": {"kind": "output", "name": "sum", "identifier": "output_sum"},
}
INPUT_NAMES = ("A", "B")
OUTPUT_NAMES = ("carry", "sum")
ASSUMPTIONS = ()
_DECLARED_INPUTS = frozenset(INPUT_NAMES)
_SCOPE_INPUTS = ()
_ASSUMPTION_FORMULAS = {entry["name"]: entry["formula"] for entry in ASSUMPTIONS}
class InputError(ValueError):
"""Raised when inputs are missing, undeclared, or not exactly True/False.
Every required input must satisfy type(value) is bool. Missing inputs, None, strings,
integers (including 0 and 1), and keys that are not declared inputs are rejected before
anything is evaluated. A missing input is never treated as False. The individual problems
are listed in the problems attribute.
"""
def __init__(self, problems):
self.problems = tuple(problems)
super().__init__("Invalid inputs: " + "; ".join(self.problems))
class OutOfScopeError(ValueError):
"""Raised when the inputs violate the model's assumptions (its declared scope).
Outside its assumptions the rule has no decision: this error is never a False result.
The names of the violated assumptions are in the violated attribute.
"""
def __init__(self, violated):
self.violated = tuple(violated)
details = ", ".join(name + " (" + _ASSUMPTION_FORMULAS.get(name, "?") + ")" for name in self.violated)
super().__init__(
"Out of scope: the inputs violate "
+ ("assumption " if len(self.violated) == 1 else "assumptions ")
+ details
+ ". The rule has no decision outside its assumptions; this is not a False result."
)
def _short_repr(value: object) -> str:
text = repr(value)
return text if len(text) <= 60 else text[:57] + "..."
def _checked_inputs(inputs: Mapping[str, bool], required: Tuple[str, ...], check_scope: bool) -> Dict[str, bool]:
"""Validate inputs strictly before anything is evaluated and return a plain copy."""
if type(check_scope) is not bool:
raise TypeError("check_scope must be True or False")
if not isinstance(inputs, _abc.Mapping):
raise InputError(["inputs must be a mapping from input names to True/False, got " + type(inputs).__name__])
problems = []
for key in inputs:
if type(key) is not str or key not in _DECLARED_INPUTS:
declared = ", ".join(repr(name) for name in INPUT_NAMES) or "none"
problems.append("undeclared input " + _short_repr(key) + " (declared inputs: " + declared + ")")
needed = tuple(required) + (_SCOPE_INPUTS if check_scope else ())
for name in needed:
if name not in inputs:
problems.append("missing required input " + repr(name))
for key, value in inputs.items():
if type(key) is str and key in _DECLARED_INPUTS and type(value) is not bool:
problems.append(
"input " + repr(key) + " must be True or False (type bool), got "
+ type(value).__name__ + " " + _short_repr(value)
)
if problems:
raise InputError(list(dict.fromkeys(problems)))
return dict(inputs.items())
def _require_bool_args(function: str, pairs: Tuple[Tuple[str, object], ...]) -> None:
problems = [
"argument " + repr(name) + " of " + function + " must be True or False (type bool), got "
+ type(value).__name__ + " " + _short_repr(value)
for name, value in pairs
if type(value) is not bool
]
if problems:
raise InputError(problems)
def minterm_index(*values: bool) -> int:
"""Row index of an assignment over a declared variable order.
The first value is the most significant bit, so all-False is row 0. Used for indexed
minterm (sum) and maxterm (product) forms.
"""
index = 0
for value in values:
if type(value) is not bool:
raise InputError(["minterm_index() takes True/False values, got " + type(value).__name__ + " " + _short_repr(value)])
index = index * 2 + (1 if value else 0)
return index
def _scope_values(values: Dict[str, bool]) -> Tuple[Tuple[str, bool], ...]:
"""Value of every enabled, confirmed assumption for validated inputs, in declared order."""
return ()
def _require_in_scope(values: Dict[str, bool]) -> None:
violated = tuple(name for name, holds in _scope_values(values) if not holds)
if violated:
raise OutOfScopeError(violated)
def in_scope(inputs: Mapping[str, bool]) -> bool:
"""True when the inputs satisfy every assumption (the model's declared scope).
Requires the inputs the assumptions read; raises InputError for invalid inputs.
"""
values = _checked_inputs(inputs, (), True)
return all(holds for _, holds in _scope_values(values))
# ---- Formula bodies (inputs are validated by the public functions below) ----
def _compute_output_carry(input_A: bool, input_B: bool) -> bool:
"""Decision output 'carry': A AND B"""
return input_A and input_B
def _compute_output_sum(input_A: bool, input_B: bool) -> bool:
"""Decision output 'sum': A XOR B"""
return input_A != input_B
# ---- Public API ----
def output_carry(inputs: Mapping[str, bool], *, check_scope: bool = True) -> bool:
"""Decision output 'carry' (stable ID f_70d1fcae4401).
'carry' := A AND B
Required inputs: 'A', 'B'.
Raises InputError for missing, undeclared, or non-bool inputs, and OutOfScopeError
when check_scope is True and the inputs violate an assumption.
"""
values = _checked_inputs(inputs, ("A", "B"), check_scope)
if check_scope:
_require_in_scope(values)
output_carry_value = _compute_output_carry(values["A"], values["B"])
return output_carry_value
def output_sum(inputs: Mapping[str, bool], *, check_scope: bool = True) -> bool:
"""Decision output 'sum' (stable ID f_2ac459c55f4f).
'sum' := A XOR B
Required inputs: 'A', 'B'.
Raises InputError for missing, undeclared, or non-bool inputs, and OutOfScopeError
when check_scope is True and the inputs violate an assumption.
"""
values = _checked_inputs(inputs, ("A", "B"), check_scope)
if check_scope:
_require_in_scope(values)
output_sum_value = _compute_output_sum(values["A"], values["B"])
return output_sum_value
def evaluate(inputs: Mapping[str, bool], *, check_scope: bool = True) -> Dict[str, bool]:
"""Evaluate every output (declared order); each output is computed once.
Required inputs: 'A', 'B'.
Raises InputError for missing, undeclared, or non-bool inputs, and OutOfScopeError
when check_scope is True and the inputs violate an assumption.
"""
values = _checked_inputs(inputs, ("A", "B"), check_scope)
if check_scope:
_require_in_scope(values)
output_carry_value = _compute_output_carry(values["A"], values["B"])
output_sum_value = _compute_output_sum(values["A"], values["B"])
return {
"carry": output_carry_value,
"sum": output_sum_value,
}
PostgreSQL
-- Tangibool PostgreSQL export (tangibool.postgresql/1)
-- Target: PostgreSQL 16 or later with typed boolean inputs; tested with PostgreSQL 18.3 (PGlite 0.5.8).
-- Not a claim of compatibility with other SQL dialects.
-- Model: not stated
-- Source revision: reference
-- Interpretation status: not stated
-- Exporter: 1.0.0 (engine 1.0.0; semantics tangibool-semantics/1)
-- Logic digest: f45c450824581d6decd598a105e760dcc6e773b025f7047228328714a8afd78a
-- Assumptions digest: d58ee1ad38e23e5093e4baa1047b5ae70d6972e08f555e34ac3fa16df63c4a78
-- Mode: decision
--
-- Read-only: this file contains only WITH / VALUES / SELECT statements. No DDL, DML,
-- procedures, credentials, network access, or database changes. The expressions are pure
-- Boolean expressions, so their result does not depend on SQL evaluation order.
--
-- NON-NULL INPUT PRECONDITION: NULL is not a truth value of this rule. Every fragment below
-- is defined only when every input column it reads is a non-NULL boolean. The guard template
-- (section 2) marks any NULL input as 'invalid_input' and any row that violates the
-- assumptions as 'out_of_scope', and fills output columns only for 'ok' rows; a NULL in an
-- output column of another row is an envelope marker, not a third truth value. Never wrap
-- the fragments in COALESCE(..., FALSE) or otherwise choose a meaning for unknown inputs.
-- This evaluates the supplied model; it does not show that the model is a complete, legal,
-- or safe statement of a real-world rule.
--
-- Input columns (stable ID: name -> column):
-- v_4edbd11bc318: A -> "in_A"
-- v_17a137f5e828: B -> "in_B"
-- Output columns:
-- f_70d1fcae4401: carry -> "out_carry"
-- f_2ac459c55f4f: sum -> "out_sum"
-- Assumptions (scope K; exported separately and never folded into an output):
-- none; every complete input row is in scope.
-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- 1. Expression fragments (parenthesised; non-NULL boolean inputs required)
-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
-- [out_carry] output carry (stable ID f_70d1fcae4401)
-- carry := A AND B
-- PRECONDITION: "in_A", "in_B" are non-NULL booleans.
-- ("in_A" AND "in_B")
--
-- [out_sum] output sum (stable ID f_2ac459c55f4f)
-- sum := A XOR B
-- PRECONDITION: "in_A", "in_B" are non-NULL booleans.
-- ("in_A" <> "in_B")
--
-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- 2. Guard template (read-only SELECT over an inputs list)
-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Replace the example rows between the markers with your own rows, or replace the inputs
-- CTE with a SELECT that provides the boolean columns listed in the header. status is
-- 'invalid_input' when any input is NULL, 'out_of_scope' when the assumptions are false, and
-- 'ok' otherwise; output columns are filled only for 'ok' rows (NULL elsewhere is an
-- envelope marker). Assumption columns are shown for rows with complete inputs.
WITH inputs ("row_id", "in_A", "in_B") AS (
-- tangibool:example-rows:begin
VALUES
(1, FALSE, FALSE),
(2, FALSE, TRUE),
(3, TRUE, FALSE),
(4, TRUE, TRUE),
(5, NULL::boolean, FALSE)
-- tangibool:example-rows:end
),
checked AS (
SELECT
inputs.*,
CASE
WHEN "in_A" IS NULL OR "in_B" IS NULL THEN 'invalid_input'
ELSE 'ok'
END AS "status"
FROM inputs
)
SELECT
"row_id",
"in_A",
"in_B",
"status",
CASE WHEN "status" = 'ok' THEN ("in_A" AND "in_B") END AS "out_carry",
CASE WHEN "status" = 'ok' THEN ("in_A" <> "in_B") END AS "out_sum"
FROM checked
ORDER BY "row_id";
SMT-LIB
; Tangibool SMT-LIB export (tangibool.smtlib/1) ; Profile: SMT-LIB 2.6 Boolean subset (QF_UF): Bool constants, define-fun, let, push/pop, assert, check-sat, echo. ; Tested with Z3 5.1.0 (z3-solver 5.2.0, WebAssembly build). ; Model: not stated ; Source revision: reference ; Interpretation status: not stated ; Exporter: 1.0.0 (engine 1.0.0; semantics tangibool-semantics/1) ; Logic digest: f45c450824581d6decd598a105e760dcc6e773b025f7047228328714a8afd78a ; Assumptions digest: d58ee1ad38e23e5093e4baa1047b5ae70d6972e08f555e34ac3fa16df63c4a78 ; Mode: decision ; ; Reading results: each query block states what sat and unsat mean for its question. A sat ; answer comes with a witness or counterexample (ask for it with (get-model) after sat only); ; unsat settles that scoped query and is solver-checked, not an independently checked proof ; certificate; unknown settles nothing. Blocks are scoped with push/pop, so assertions never ; accumulate across questions. This checks the supplied model, not whether it is a complete, ; legal, or safe statement of a real-world rule. ; ; Symbols (stable ID: name -> symbol): ; v_4edbd11bc318: A -> in_A ; v_17a137f5e828: B -> in_B ; f_70d1fcae4401: carry -> out_carry ; f_2ac459c55f4f: sum -> out_sum (set-option :produce-models true) (set-info :smt-lib-version 2.6) (set-logic QF_UF) ; ---- Inputs (declared order) (declare-const in_A Bool) ; A (declare-const in_B Bool) ; B ; ---- Outputs (dependencies first) ; output carry (stable ID f_70d1fcae4401): A AND B (define-fun out_carry () Bool (and in_A in_B)) ; output sum (stable ID f_2ac459c55f4f): A XOR B (define-fun out_sum () Bool (xor in_A in_B)) ; ---- Assumptions (the scope K; never folded into an output) ; K: conjunction of the enabled, confirmed assumptions (true when there are none) (define-fun K () Bool true) ; ---- Definitions only: nothing is asserted and no check is run. ; Add (assert ...) and (check-sat) inside (push 1) ... (pop 1) to ask a question.
LaTeX
carry = A \cdot B sum = A \oplus B
El error habitual
Esperar que un circuito NAND para AND sea una sola compuerta. Una compuerta NAND es un AND seguido de un inversor, así que el conversor necesita un segundo NAND cableado como inversor para deshacerlo: 3 compuertas, no 1. La tabla prueba que la cadena de dos compuertas vuelve a A AND B.
Preguntas
¿Por qué la FNC dice dos cláusulas para A AND B?
En la forma normal conjuntiva cada cláusula es un OR de literales, y un literal suelto cuenta como cláusula. A AND B es la conjunción de las cláusulas A y B, así que el conversor informa de dos cláusulas y dos literales, sin necesidad de reescribir nada.
Relacionado
Operadores y compuertas
- Compuerta AND (puerta Y): tabla de verdad de 2, 3 y 4 entradas, símbolo y expresión
- Compuerta XOR: tabla de verdad de 2, 3 y 4 entradas (paridad impar)
Herramientas
- Generador de tablas de verdad: cualquier expresión booleana, hasta 12 variables, con columnas intermedias
- Calculadora y simplificador de álgebra de Boole paso a paso (cada ley nombrada y verificada)
- Solucionador de mapas de Karnaugh: de 2 a 4 variables, agrupaciones, SOP y POS
Véase también
- Semisumador, suma: A XOR B
- Sumador completo, acarreo de salida: (A AND B) OR (Cin AND (A XOR B))
- AND solo con compuertas NOR
- Compuerta AND (puerta Y): tabla de verdad de 2, 3 y 4 entradas, símbolo y expresión
- AND con compuertas NAND: A·B = NAND(NAND(A, B), NAND(A, B))
- AND con compuertas NOR: A·B = NOR(NOR(A, A), NOR(B, B))
Ejemplos resueltos
Generado a partir del motor de Tangibool, semántica tangibool-semantics/1, motor 1.0.0, compilación . Cada tabla, mapa, simplificación y veredicto de estas páginas lo calculó el motor de Tangibool al compilar el sitio, y cada afirmación la volvió a comprobar el mismo verificador exacto que usa la app. Los límites se indican donde aplican. © 2026 Foreranger LTD.