Exactamente uno de tres: por qué XOR no sirve

# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# Generated by Tangibool (tangibool.python/1). Do not edit by hand; regenerate from the source revision.
# Model: not stated
# Source revision: reference
# Interpretation status: not stated
"""Tangibool evaluator (decision model).

Generated deterministically from the validated Boolean model; it evaluates exactly that
model. It does not establish that the model is a complete, legal, or safe statement of a
real-world rule, and evaluating examples does not verify the rule.

Source revision: reference
Interpretation status: not stated
Exporter: 1.0.0 (format tangibool.python/1; engine 1.0.0; semantics tangibool-semantics/1)
Logic digest: 07725e0e56bd8cfa2a5ea1a692ece26002c64bc83895a4a442bc5c117d1e01b8
Assumptions digest: d58ee1ad38e23e5093e4baa1047b5ae70d6972e08f555e34ac3fa16df63c4a78

Inputs (dict keys, declared order) and generated parameter names:
    'A' -> input_A
    'B' -> input_B
    'C' -> input_C

Outputs (declared order) and their functions:
    'exactly_one' -> output_exactly_one(inputs)
    'xor_chain' -> output_xor_chain(inputs)

Assumptions (the declared scope, checked by in_scope(inputs)):
    none; every complete assignment is in scope.

Input contract:
    Every required input must be exactly True or False (type(value) is bool). Missing
    inputs, None, strings, integers (including 0 and 1), and keys that are not declared
    inputs raise InputError before anything is evaluated, including inputs that a
    short-circuiting operator would never read. Results are always bool.

Scope:
    Decision functions raise OutOfScopeError when the inputs violate an assumption; an
    out-of-scope assignment is never turned into a False result. Pass check_scope=False
    to evaluate without the scope check, and use in_scope(inputs) to test it separately.

Usage:

    import tangibool_model as model

    model.evaluate({'A': False, 'B': False, 'C': False})
    # -> {'exactly_one': False, 'xor_chain': False}
    model.output_exactly_one({'A': False, 'B': False, 'C': False})
    # -> False
    model.evaluate({'A': 1, 'B': False, 'C': False})
    # raises InputError: 1 is an int, not a bool
"""

import collections.abc as _abc
from typing import Dict, Mapping, Tuple

__all__ = [
    "MODEL_INFO",
    "IDENTIFIER_MAP",
    "INPUT_NAMES",
    "OUTPUT_NAMES",
    "ASSUMPTIONS",
    "InputError",
    "OutOfScopeError",
    "minterm_index",
    "in_scope",
    "evaluate",
    "output_exactly_one",
    "output_xor_chain",
]

MODEL_INFO = {
    "format": "tangibool.python/1",
    "mode": "decision",
    "model": None,
    "revision": "reference",
    "interpretation": None,
    "exporter": "1.0.0",
    "engine_version": "1.0.0",
    "semantics_version": "tangibool-semantics/1",
    "logic_digest": "07725e0e56bd8cfa2a5ea1a692ece26002c64bc83895a4a442bc5c117d1e01b8",
    "assumptions_digest": "d58ee1ad38e23e5093e4baa1047b5ae70d6972e08f555e34ac3fa16df63c4a78",
    "primary_output": "exactly_one",
    "unused_inputs": (),
    "subcircuits": (),
}

# Stable ID -> generated identifier (reversible mapping; names are exact, escaped strings).
IDENTIFIER_MAP = {
    "v_b0805332931c": {"kind": "input", "name": "A", "identifier": "input_A"},
    "v_b81404ddbc06": {"kind": "input", "name": "B", "identifier": "input_B"},
    "v_8351176a46f2": {"kind": "input", "name": "C", "identifier": "input_C"},
    "f_10c6e8428d84": {"kind": "output", "name": "exactly_one", "identifier": "output_exactly_one"},
    "f_8c3ca0be65e8": {"kind": "output", "name": "xor_chain", "identifier": "output_xor_chain"},
}

INPUT_NAMES = ("A", "B", "C")
OUTPUT_NAMES = ("exactly_one", "xor_chain")
ASSUMPTIONS = ()

_DECLARED_INPUTS = frozenset(INPUT_NAMES)
_SCOPE_INPUTS = ()
_ASSUMPTION_FORMULAS = {entry["name"]: entry["formula"] for entry in ASSUMPTIONS}


class InputError(ValueError):
    """Raised when inputs are missing, undeclared, or not exactly True/False.

    Every required input must satisfy type(value) is bool. Missing inputs, None, strings,
    integers (including 0 and 1), and keys that are not declared inputs are rejected before
    anything is evaluated. A missing input is never treated as False. The individual problems
    are listed in the problems attribute.
    """

    def __init__(self, problems):
        self.problems = tuple(problems)
        super().__init__("Invalid inputs: " + "; ".join(self.problems))


class OutOfScopeError(ValueError):
    """Raised when the inputs violate the model's assumptions (its declared scope).

    Outside its assumptions the rule has no decision: this error is never a False result.
    The names of the violated assumptions are in the violated attribute.
    """

    def __init__(self, violated):
        self.violated = tuple(violated)
        details = ", ".join(name + " (" + _ASSUMPTION_FORMULAS.get(name, "?") + ")" for name in self.violated)
        super().__init__(
            "Out of scope: the inputs violate "
            + ("assumption " if len(self.violated) == 1 else "assumptions ")
            + details
            + ". The rule has no decision outside its assumptions; this is not a False result."
        )


def _short_repr(value: object) -> str:
    text = repr(value)
    return text if len(text) <= 60 else text[:57] + "..."


def _checked_inputs(inputs: Mapping[str, bool], required: Tuple[str, ...], check_scope: bool) -> Dict[str, bool]:
    """Validate inputs strictly before anything is evaluated and return a plain copy."""
    if type(check_scope) is not bool:
        raise TypeError("check_scope must be True or False")
    if not isinstance(inputs, _abc.Mapping):
        raise InputError(["inputs must be a mapping from input names to True/False, got " + type(inputs).__name__])
    problems = []
    for key in inputs:
        if type(key) is not str or key not in _DECLARED_INPUTS:
            declared = ", ".join(repr(name) for name in INPUT_NAMES) or "none"
            problems.append("undeclared input " + _short_repr(key) + " (declared inputs: " + declared + ")")
    needed = tuple(required) + (_SCOPE_INPUTS if check_scope else ())
    for name in needed:
        if name not in inputs:
            problems.append("missing required input " + repr(name))
    for key, value in inputs.items():
        if type(key) is str and key in _DECLARED_INPUTS and type(value) is not bool:
            problems.append(
                "input " + repr(key) + " must be True or False (type bool), got "
                + type(value).__name__ + " " + _short_repr(value)
            )
    if problems:
        raise InputError(list(dict.fromkeys(problems)))
    return dict(inputs.items())


def _require_bool_args(function: str, pairs: Tuple[Tuple[str, object], ...]) -> None:
    problems = [
        "argument " + repr(name) + " of " + function + " must be True or False (type bool), got "
        + type(value).__name__ + " " + _short_repr(value)
        for name, value in pairs
        if type(value) is not bool
    ]
    if problems:
        raise InputError(problems)


def minterm_index(*values: bool) -> int:
    """Row index of an assignment over a declared variable order.

    The first value is the most significant bit, so all-False is row 0. Used for indexed
    minterm (sum) and maxterm (product) forms.
    """
    index = 0
    for value in values:
        if type(value) is not bool:
            raise InputError(["minterm_index() takes True/False values, got " + type(value).__name__ + " " + _short_repr(value)])
        index = index * 2 + (1 if value else 0)
    return index


def _scope_values(values: Dict[str, bool]) -> Tuple[Tuple[str, bool], ...]:
    """Value of every enabled, confirmed assumption for validated inputs, in declared order."""
    return ()


def _require_in_scope(values: Dict[str, bool]) -> None:
    violated = tuple(name for name, holds in _scope_values(values) if not holds)
    if violated:
        raise OutOfScopeError(violated)


def in_scope(inputs: Mapping[str, bool]) -> bool:
    """True when the inputs satisfy every assumption (the model's declared scope).

    Requires the inputs the assumptions read; raises InputError for invalid inputs.
    """
    values = _checked_inputs(inputs, (), True)
    return all(holds for _, holds in _scope_values(values))


# ---- Formula bodies (inputs are validated by the public functions below) ----


def _compute_output_exactly_one(input_A: bool, input_B: bool, input_C: bool) -> bool:
    """Decision output 'exactly_one': (A AND NOT B AND NOT C) OR (NOT A AND B AND NOT C) OR (NOT A AND NOT B AND C)"""
    return (input_A and (not input_B) and (not input_C)) or ((not input_A) and input_B and (not input_C)) or ((not input_A) and (not input_B) and input_C)


def _compute_output_xor_chain(input_A: bool, input_B: bool, input_C: bool) -> bool:
    """Decision output 'xor_chain': A XOR B XOR C"""
    return (input_A != input_B) != input_C


# ---- Public API ----


def output_exactly_one(inputs: Mapping[str, bool], *, check_scope: bool = True) -> bool:
    """Decision output 'exactly_one' (stable ID f_10c6e8428d84).

    'exactly_one' := (A AND NOT B AND NOT C) OR (NOT A AND B AND NOT C) OR (NOT A AND NOT B AND C)

    Required inputs: 'A', 'B', 'C'.
    Raises InputError for missing, undeclared, or non-bool inputs, and OutOfScopeError
    when check_scope is True and the inputs violate an assumption.
    """
    values = _checked_inputs(inputs, ("A", "B", "C"), check_scope)
    if check_scope:
        _require_in_scope(values)
    output_exactly_one_value = _compute_output_exactly_one(values["A"], values["B"], values["C"])
    return output_exactly_one_value


def output_xor_chain(inputs: Mapping[str, bool], *, check_scope: bool = True) -> bool:
    """Decision output 'xor_chain' (stable ID f_8c3ca0be65e8).

    'xor_chain' := A XOR B XOR C

    Required inputs: 'A', 'B', 'C'.
    Raises InputError for missing, undeclared, or non-bool inputs, and OutOfScopeError
    when check_scope is True and the inputs violate an assumption.
    """
    values = _checked_inputs(inputs, ("A", "B", "C"), check_scope)
    if check_scope:
        _require_in_scope(values)
    output_xor_chain_value = _compute_output_xor_chain(values["A"], values["B"], values["C"])
    return output_xor_chain_value


def evaluate(inputs: Mapping[str, bool], *, check_scope: bool = True) -> Dict[str, bool]:
    """Evaluate every output (declared order); each output is computed once.

    Required inputs: 'A', 'B', 'C'.
    Raises InputError for missing, undeclared, or non-bool inputs, and OutOfScopeError
    when check_scope is True and the inputs violate an assumption.
    """
    values = _checked_inputs(inputs, ("A", "B", "C"), check_scope)
    if check_scope:
        _require_in_scope(values)
    output_exactly_one_value = _compute_output_exactly_one(values["A"], values["B"], values["C"])
    output_xor_chain_value = _compute_output_xor_chain(values["A"], values["B"], values["C"])
    return {
        "exactly_one": output_exactly_one_value,
        "xor_chain": output_xor_chain_value,
    }

-- Tangibool PostgreSQL export (tangibool.postgresql/1)
-- Target: PostgreSQL 16 or later with typed boolean inputs; tested with PostgreSQL 18.3 (PGlite 0.5.8).
-- Not a claim of compatibility with other SQL dialects.
-- Model: not stated
-- Source revision: reference
-- Interpretation status: not stated
-- Exporter: 1.0.0 (engine 1.0.0; semantics tangibool-semantics/1)
-- Logic digest: 07725e0e56bd8cfa2a5ea1a692ece26002c64bc83895a4a442bc5c117d1e01b8
-- Assumptions digest: d58ee1ad38e23e5093e4baa1047b5ae70d6972e08f555e34ac3fa16df63c4a78
-- Mode: decision
--
-- Read-only: this file contains only WITH / VALUES / SELECT statements. No DDL, DML,
-- procedures, credentials, network access, or database changes. The expressions are pure
-- Boolean expressions, so their result does not depend on SQL evaluation order.
--
-- NON-NULL INPUT PRECONDITION: NULL is not a truth value of this rule. Every fragment below
-- is defined only when every input column it reads is a non-NULL boolean. The guard template
-- (section 2) marks any NULL input as 'invalid_input' and any row that violates the
-- assumptions as 'out_of_scope', and fills output columns only for 'ok' rows; a NULL in an
-- output column of another row is an envelope marker, not a third truth value. Never wrap
-- the fragments in COALESCE(..., FALSE) or otherwise choose a meaning for unknown inputs.
-- This evaluates the supplied model; it does not show that the model is a complete, legal,
-- or safe statement of a real-world rule.
--
-- Input columns (stable ID: name -> column):
--   v_b0805332931c: A -> "in_A"
--   v_b81404ddbc06: B -> "in_B"
--   v_8351176a46f2: C -> "in_C"
-- Output columns:
--   f_10c6e8428d84: exactly_one -> "out_exactly_one"
--   f_8c3ca0be65e8: xor_chain -> "out_xor_chain"
-- Assumptions (scope K; exported separately and never folded into an output):
--   none; every complete input row is in scope.

-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- 1. Expression fragments (parenthesised; non-NULL boolean inputs required)
-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
-- [out_exactly_one] output exactly_one (stable ID f_10c6e8428d84)
--   exactly_one := (A AND NOT B AND NOT C) OR (NOT A AND B AND NOT C) OR (NOT A AND NOT B AND C)
--   PRECONDITION: "in_A", "in_B", "in_C" are non-NULL booleans.
--   (("in_A" AND (NOT "in_B") AND (NOT "in_C")) OR ((NOT "in_A") AND "in_B" AND (NOT "in_C")) OR ((NOT "in_A") AND (NOT "in_B") AND "in_C"))
--
-- [out_xor_chain] output xor_chain (stable ID f_8c3ca0be65e8)
--   xor_chain := A XOR B XOR C
--   PRECONDITION: "in_A", "in_B", "in_C" are non-NULL booleans.
--   (("in_A" <> "in_B") <> "in_C")
--

-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- 2. Guard template (read-only SELECT over an inputs list)
-- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-- Replace the example rows between the markers with your own rows, or replace the inputs
-- CTE with a SELECT that provides the boolean columns listed in the header. status is
-- 'invalid_input' when any input is NULL, 'out_of_scope' when the assumptions are false, and
-- 'ok' otherwise; output columns are filled only for 'ok' rows (NULL elsewhere is an
-- envelope marker). Assumption columns are shown for rows with complete inputs.
WITH inputs ("row_id", "in_A", "in_B", "in_C") AS (
  -- tangibool:example-rows:begin
  VALUES
    (1, FALSE, FALSE, FALSE),
    (2, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE),
    (3, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE),
    (4, FALSE, TRUE, TRUE),
    (5, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE),
    (6, TRUE, FALSE, TRUE),
    (7, TRUE, TRUE, FALSE),
    (8, TRUE, TRUE, TRUE),
    (9, NULL::boolean, FALSE, FALSE)
  -- tangibool:example-rows:end
),
checked AS (
  SELECT
    inputs.*,
    CASE
      WHEN "in_A" IS NULL OR "in_B" IS NULL OR "in_C" IS NULL THEN 'invalid_input'
      ELSE 'ok'
    END AS "status"
  FROM inputs
)
SELECT
  "row_id",
  "in_A",
  "in_B",
  "in_C",
  "status",
  CASE WHEN "status" = 'ok' THEN (("in_A" AND (NOT "in_B") AND (NOT "in_C")) OR ((NOT "in_A") AND "in_B" AND (NOT "in_C")) OR ((NOT "in_A") AND (NOT "in_B") AND "in_C")) END AS "out_exactly_one",
  CASE WHEN "status" = 'ok' THEN (("in_A" <> "in_B") <> "in_C") END AS "out_xor_chain"
FROM checked
ORDER BY "row_id";

; Tangibool SMT-LIB export (tangibool.smtlib/1)
; Profile: SMT-LIB 2.6 Boolean subset (QF_UF): Bool constants, define-fun, let, push/pop, assert, check-sat, echo.
; Tested with Z3 5.1.0 (z3-solver 5.2.0, WebAssembly build).
; Model: not stated
; Source revision: reference
; Interpretation status: not stated
; Exporter: 1.0.0 (engine 1.0.0; semantics tangibool-semantics/1)
; Logic digest: 07725e0e56bd8cfa2a5ea1a692ece26002c64bc83895a4a442bc5c117d1e01b8
; Assumptions digest: d58ee1ad38e23e5093e4baa1047b5ae70d6972e08f555e34ac3fa16df63c4a78
; Mode: decision
;
; Reading results: each query block states what sat and unsat mean for its question. A sat
; answer comes with a witness or counterexample (ask for it with (get-model) after sat only);
; unsat settles that scoped query and is solver-checked, not an independently checked proof
; certificate; unknown settles nothing. Blocks are scoped with push/pop, so assertions never
; accumulate across questions. This checks the supplied model, not whether it is a complete,
; legal, or safe statement of a real-world rule.
;
; Symbols (stable ID: name -> symbol):
;   v_b0805332931c: A -> in_A
;   v_b81404ddbc06: B -> in_B
;   v_8351176a46f2: C -> in_C
;   f_10c6e8428d84: exactly_one -> out_exactly_one
;   f_8c3ca0be65e8: xor_chain -> out_xor_chain

(set-option :produce-models true)
(set-info :smt-lib-version 2.6)
(set-logic QF_UF)

; ---- Inputs (declared order)
(declare-const in_A Bool) ; A
(declare-const in_B Bool) ; B
(declare-const in_C Bool) ; C

; ---- Outputs (dependencies first)
; output exactly_one (stable ID f_10c6e8428d84): (A AND NOT B AND NOT C) OR (NOT A AND B AND NOT C) OR (NOT A AND NOT B AND C)
(define-fun out_exactly_one () Bool (or (and in_A (not in_B) (not in_C)) (and (not in_A) in_B (not in_C)) (and (not in_A) (not in_B) in_C)))
; output xor_chain (stable ID f_8c3ca0be65e8): A XOR B XOR C
(define-fun out_xor_chain () Bool (xor (xor in_A in_B) in_C))

; ---- Assumptions (the scope K; never folded into an output)
; K: conjunction of the enabled, confirmed assumptions (true when there are none)
(define-fun K () Bool true)

; ---- Definitions only: nothing is asserted and no check is run.
; Add (assert ...) and (check-sat) inside (push 1) ... (pop 1) to ask a question.

exactly_one = \left(A \cdot \overline{B} \cdot \overline{C}\right) + \left(\overline{A} \cdot B \cdot \overline{C}\right) + \left(\overline{A} \cdot \overline{B} \cdot C\right)
xor_chain = A \oplus B \oplus C